Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene is a yellow, odorless, solid manufactured compound that does not occur naturally in the environment. It is made by combining toluene with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene is also known by other names such as sym-trinitrotoluene, TNT, and 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene is produced in the United States only at military arsenals. It is not produced commercially. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene is an explosive used in military shells, bombs, and grenades, in industrial uses, and in underwater blasting.

What happens to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene when it enters the environment?

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene enters the environment in waste waters and solid wastes resulting from the manufacture of the compound, the processing and destruction of bombs and grenades, and the recycling of explosives. The compound moves in surface water and through soils to groundwater. In surface water, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is rapidly broken down into other chemical compounds by sunlight. Microorganisms in water and sediment break down the compound more slowly. Small amounts of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene can accumulate in fish and plants.

How might I be exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene?

You may be exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene as a result of its movement from chemical waste disposal sites to drinking water. Children may also be exposed through eating contaminated soil. Most exposure would result from drinking contaminated water, breathing contaminated air, or eating contaminated foods such as fruits and vegetables. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene has been measured at waste disposal sites in groundwater at 0.32 parts of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene per million parts of water (ppm) and in soil at up to 13,000 ppm. We have no data on levels in air or foods. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene can be taken up by plants from contaminated soil and is probably present in the air as a result of disposal by burning at military sites. Therefore, intake of air and homegrown fruits and vegetables by people living near military sites may also be sources of exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.

Worker exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is possible as a result of its use in the production of bombs and grenades. Most workplace exposure results from breathing in 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene dust or vapor and contact with dust on the skin.

How can 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene enter and leave my body?

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene rapidly and completely enters your body when you breathe in air or drink water that is contaminated with this chemical. We have no information on how much 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene enters your body when it gets on your skin. We do know that it enters your body more slowly through the skin than when it is taken into your mouth. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in your blood travels throughout your body to all of your organs. When 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene reaches your liver, it breaks down and changes into several different substances. Not all of these substances have been identified, and we do not know whether they are harmful or not. Most of these substances travel in your blood until they reach your kidneys and then leave your body in your urine. Studies in animals show that almost all of the 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene that enters the body breaks down and leaves the body in the urine within 24 hours.

How can 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene affect my health?

Workers involved in the production of high explosives experienced many harmful health effects as a result of exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene at their jobs. These effects included disorders of the blood, such as anemia, and abnormal liver function. However, the levels of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in the workplace air at the time these effects were seen ranged from less than 0.01 to 1.49 milligrams of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene per cubic meter of air (mg/m³). Some of the concentrations measured are higher than the level currently allowed in the workplace (0.5 mg/m³). Similar effects on the blood and the liver have been observed in animals that either breathed or were fed 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. In addition, studies show that animals force- fed 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene for an intermediate-duration (from 15-364 days) may have enlargement of the spleen and other harmful effects on the immune system. When people have prolonged skin contact with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, they may develop an allergic reaction of the skin to this chemical, such as itching and irritation. In addition, long-term exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene has been associated with the development of cataracts in people.

No information is available to indicate whether 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene causes birth defects. However, studies in animals that were treated with high doses of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene have shown that it can cause serious effects on the male reproductive system. The available information for determining whether 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene causes cancer in humans is inadequate. However, rats that ate 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene for long periods developed tumors of the urinary bladder. Based on this study with rats, EPA has classified 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in Group C, a possible human carcinogen.

Is there a medical test to determine whether I have been exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene?

There are tests to determine if you have been exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. These tests measure 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene or its breakdown products in your blood and urine and have been used to test exposed workers. Detection of the breakdown products in your urine is a clear indication that you have been exposed. The complex and expensive equipment needed to perform these tests is generally available only at specialized laboratories. Another simpler, but less specific, test of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene exposure is a change in the color of your urine to amber or deep red. This change results from the presence of breakdown products and may indicate that you have been exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. None of these tests can predict whether a person exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene will experience any health effects related to the exposure.

What recommendations has the federal government made to protect human health?

The government has developed regulations and guidelines for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. These are designed to protect the public and workers exposed to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene from potential harmful health effects of the chemical. Since 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is explosive, flammable, and toxic, EPA has designated it as a hazardous waste. The Department of Transportation (DOT) regulates the transport of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene because it is a hazardous material. DOT specifies that when 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is shipped, it must be wet with at least 10% water (by weight) and it must be clearly labeled as a flammable solid.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates levels of hazardous materials in the workplace. The maximum allowable amount of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in workroom air during an 8-hour workday, 40-hour workweek, is 0.5 mg/m³. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that the concentration in workroom air be limited to 0.5 mg/m3 for up to a 10-hour workday during a 40-hour workweek.